Archaeology is the scientific study of mankind’s past carried out by analysing the physical remains of human activities. These remains can be found in various forms, from artefacts such as stone hammers, stone ornaments and fragments of pottery to structures such as houses, forts and graves. Different scientific methods are used to locate sites of archaeological potential both on land and underwater: archaeologists may simply walk across a site, carefully observing the ground as they go (field walking); they may consult historical texts and maps; they may analyse aerial photographs or even employ satellite imagery (remote sensing). Small test pits are then dug or auger holes are drilled to study the different layers in the ground (stratigraphy) and provide a basis for planning the next steps. In an excavation, all finds and structures are carefully exposed and systematically recorded. The information they provide is analysed and used to explain the way of life led by people in the past.
The study of archaeology is of great importance for every society today, as it can give us a better understanding of our own history and the cultural transformation that the place we come from has undergone. Archaeology and the knowledge gained from archaeological research help to enhance our sense of belonging to the community in which we live.
Archaeological survey-cum-excavation is commonly conducted before construction within a specified area with archaeological potential. The archaeological survey is to define the precise horizontal extent and the nature of the archaeological deposits while the excavation is applied to this confined area to retrieve the archaeological data completely. The archaeologist needs to submit a proposal of the archaeological work to the Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO), including the method and the procedure of the archaeological excavation. With the approval of the AMO and support of the Antiquities Advisory Board (AAB), the Antiquities Authority (i.e. the Secretary for Development) will issue a licence to the applicant in carrying out the archaeological work in accordance with the proposal of the archaeological work and under the close monitoring of the AMO.
Archaeological watching brief refers to any archaeological work conducted within a project for non-archaeological purpose. AWB allows archaeological methods to be applied by archaeologists once any archaeological remains are identified in the course of the earth movement works of the development project. A proposal is required to specify the aim, method, and potential mitigation measures for the AWB. AWB could turn into an archaeological excavation if significant archaeological remains are discovered. Once the AWB commences, the archaeologist needs to report any archaeological remains discovered to the AMO. The AMO will then report the related discoveries to the AAB. The AMO will also regularly oversee the related archaeological work.